Earth system models are complex computer models that simulate the interactions between various components of the Earth system, including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice. These models are used to study and understand the Earth's climate system, including how it is influenced by natural processes and human activities such as greenhouse gas emissions. Earth system models incorporate physical, chemical, and biological processes to simulate the Earth's climate system, and can be used to make projections about future climate change. They are important tools for policymakers, scientists, and decision-makers to better understand the potential impacts of climate change and to develop strategies for mitigation and adaptation. Overall, Earth system models help to provide valuable insights into the complex and interconnected processes that drive the Earth's climate system, and are essential for informing decision-making and policy development related to climate change.